Super interesting but not widely known topic (afaik):
IPv4 address scarcity.
An IPv4 address is 32 bit long, so there are ~4 billion possible addresses. There are about 4 billion people connecting to the Internet, numbers growing. Most regional registries have run out of new addresses to assign years ago.
So how are these virtual goods of IPv4 addresses managed, and what effects does this scarcity have?
Some research on it by my colleague Philipp Richter and others:
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.2649.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.00360.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.6858.pdf
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.05606 (Especially interesting imho: Carrier-grade NAT)